The 21 African nations struggling most with freedom in 2025

According to Freedom House’s annual report on political rights and civil liberties titled, Freedom In The World 2025, 21 African countries have been classified as “Not Free”, highlighting the persistent struggle against censorship, repression, and human rights violations.

While Africa is home to vibrant cultures and diverse voices, authoritarian regimes in several countries limit free speech, silence dissent, and manipulate laws to maintain control. Journalists, activists, and opposition leaders often face arrests, intimidation, or exile for challenging those in power.

The table below lists the African nations ranked as “Not Free”, shedding light on their challenges regarding freedom of speech, political participation, and human rights.

Key challenges to freedom of expression in Africa

1. Media censorship and crackdowns on journalists

Across Africa, press freedom is under attack, with governments shutting down independent media, arresting journalists, and controlling information. In Egypt, Ethiopia, and Rwanda, authorities restrict access to the internet, impose strict media laws, and silence dissenting voices.

Some journalists have been imprisoned or forced into exile for reporting on government corruption or human rights abuses. Cameroon and Sudan have seen increasing targeted attacks on media personnel, making investigative journalism a dangerous profession.

2. Political repression and silencing of opposition

In many African nations, political opposition is treated as a threat rather than a democratic necessity. Governments in Uganda, Algeria, and the Republic of Congo have manipulated elections, detained opposition leaders, and violently suppressed protests.

Activists calling for greater democracy and transparency often face arbitrary arrests, torture, and forced disappearances. The lack of free and fair elections in these nations has undermined democracy and prolonged authoritarian rule.

3. Digital surveillance and internet shutdowns

Authoritarian regimes are increasingly using technology to suppress dissent. Governments in Sudan, Chad, and Burundi frequently shut down social media platforms, monitor online activities, and block access to independent news sites.

In times of political unrest, authorities cut off the internet to prevent mobilisation and restrict information flow. These tactics are used to control public discourse and prevent the spread of opposition movements.

4. Arbitrary laws and criminalisation of free speech

Many African nations have introduced vague and restrictive laws that criminalise criticism of the government, public protests, and whistleblowing. In Ethiopia and Mozambique, individuals can face long prison sentences for “spreading false information”, a term often used to silence critics.

Eswatini and Equatorial Guinea enforce strict defamation and sedition laws, which allow governments to suppress dissent under the guise of maintaining national security.

The fight for freedom of expression and democratic governance in Africa remains an uphill battle. However, with growing activism, international advocacy, and digital tools empowering citizens, the continent is seeing glimpses of change.

For true freedom to be realised, governments must uphold press rights, respect opposition voices, and embrace democratic principles. Until then, Africa’s struggle against authoritarianism and for free expression continues.