While one of Southern Africa’s smaller militaries, the Zambian Defence Force (ZDF) is considered to be relatively well-trained, disciplined, and professional.
Unlike other militaries in the region, the ZDF does not have a unified command structure. Numbering some 16 000 personnel, it is comprised of the Zambian Army, Zambian Air Force, and Zambia National Service, with each service head directly reporting to the President.
With defence spending having averaged about 1.2% of GDP over the past decade, the ZDF’s operational capability is constrained by persistent underinvestment coupled with ageing and often unserviceable equipment. However, in recent years Zambia has embarked on a modest force modernisation programme, with the Air Force in particular having benefited significantly. Recent acquisitions include several L-15 and K-8 aircraft, UAVs, and helicopters from China, the United States, and Russia.
Zambia remains an active contributor to United Nations missions and has seen closer defence cooperation with the United States. Despite its small size, budgetary pressures, and equipment challenges, the ZDF continues to play a constructive regional role and remains a dependable contributor to multilateral peacekeeping.
Click here to read the full African Military Profile on Zambia.
